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Mahes Visvalingam
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Acid-Base Balance
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Also, please rely on your own research. The author is neither a biochemist nor medically trained. These notes represent her understanding (which may be incorrect) of why home remedies seem to have helped many people and were compiled for her own reference.  They are being discussed at
SHC.pdf

Like the body temperature, the body's pH is one indicator of health.  If you feel unwell, this is the first thing you should check and correct. The body cannot assimilate minerals and nutrients when its pH is out of balance. There are cheap and simple remedies for correcting most transient imbalance, the persistence of which can cause diseases needing medical intervention.  There are good resources on the internet. These notes cover:

1.    What is pH

2.    urine pH testing. 

3.    Energy production and storage

4.    Causes of pH imbalance

5.    Some symptoms

6.    Explain how the body regulates fluctuations in our pH

7.    The body’s batteries

8.    Germ vs terrain theory

9.    Some home remedies for acidity

10. Alkalising diets

11. Some case notes

1.    What is pH?

Most of the appliances in your house run off an electric circuit carrying 240 volts of electricity. This voltage is transformed by adaptors and limited by fuses to suit various appliances. The copper wires in your electric cables conduct electrons, which we call electricity. 

Similarly, the body conducts weak millivolts of electrons through various circuits, which the Chinese and Indians have called meridians and nadis, which carry chi, ki or prana.  The flow of energy through these circuits is monitored and modulated by these traditions at acupressure points or marma points.

So, physics measures the voltage of electricity.  In chemistry and biochemistry pH stands for potential Hydrogen and as Dr Jerry Tennant put it, pH is voltage in solution or the amount of hydrogen in solution Physician's Notebooks: 2.13c Acidity and Alkalinity of the Body   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKNK6AdDOOc. 

pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution which can range from 0 to 14.  Battery acid and hydrochloric acid have a pH of 0 and 1. Bleach has a pH of 13 and drain cleaner a pH of 14 – they are very alkaline https://kmbiology.weebly.com/uploads/6/0/1/1/6011704/8705940.gif?366. 

Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7.  Our blood and extracellular fluid have a pH which can vary from 7.35 (-20 mV) to 7.45 (-25 mV), averaging at 7.4. The body will raid the resources it has to maintain this pH level to maintain cellular communication, nerve signalling and muscle contraction.   Just like portable electric appliances have battery packs, the body has its own battery packs to cope with emergencies.  It will draw on its bicarbonate, protein and other batteries when needed and then recharge them.  But, it will express its dis-ease if deviations in pH persist and the buffers are stretched – i.e. the batteries are running out.

An acidic solution will have a pH below 7.0 and have a +ve voltage; i.e. it has more hydrogen ions in solution and will rob electrons.  A basic or alkaline solution has less hydrogen and more hydroxyl ions (more oxygen) with free electrons to give. It will have a pH above 7.0 and have a negative voltage and is an electron donor, which has an oxygenating effect.

2.    Urine pH – normal range is 4.5 to 8. Use Your Saliva and Urine pH to Find Deeper Health Problems;  Urine pH - Urinalysis - Labs

Measurement of blood pH involves an arterial puncture.  So changes in body pH can be assessed by measuring urine and/or saliva pH. It is not an accurate reflection of body status but is a reasonable indicator if repeated under the same conditions.

A variety of health conditions are assessed by urine tests; these include the pH of the urine. http://physiciansnotebook.blogspot.com/2011/01/secrets-of-urine-testing.html 

Urine pH is tested is to detect infections and also to assess the risk of kidney stones. Urine pH varies during a 24 hour period from about 6.0 to 6.5 on waking to 6.5 to 7.0 in the evening.  There is a suggestion that urine pH should be held at 6.8 in the morning and at 7.0 to 7.2 during the rest of the day and evening. The morning pH is more acidic because our oxygen intake through respiration is reduced during sleep.  Eating a meal causes what is known as an alkaline tide. This lasts for about 2 hours.  So, the best time to test your pH is about one hour before a meal or two hours after a meal.  The alkaline tide may cause cramps and even kidney stones, since calcium phosphate struvite, which are soluble in acid, can become insoluble during the alkaline tide.

The salivary glands raise the pH to about 7.8 through bicarbonate ions. https://biologyinsights.com/what-is-the-ph-level-of-saliva-and-why-does-it-matter/ Saliva pH is much more variable and urine pH is a better indicator of the energy status of your body. 

This article explains the use of pH paper and notes how some plants can indicate pH.
cabbage_ph_indicator_experiment_instructions.pdf   This gives you the colours on a pH strip paper. See also https://files.blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/10689/files/2025/01/Red-Cabbage-Indicator.pdf


Types of Crystals in Urine

https://www.drberg.com/blog/use-your-saliva-and-urine-ph-to-find-deeper-health-problems

 

3.    Energy production and storage -  The pH gradient

 

Each molecule of water, which makes up some 60% of our body, consists of 2 atoms of Hydrogen and one of oxygen (H2O).  Electrochemical processes split the molecule into H+ and hydroxyl (OH)- ions. This image in https://kmbiology.weebly.com/uploads/6/0/1/1/6011704/8705940.gif?366  shows a high concentrations of H+ ions in acids and low concentrations of H+ in bases or alkaline fluids which have more hydroxyl (OH)- ions.

·         Many of the cell’s functions are catalysed by enzymes. Most enzymes in the human body function best within a narrow pH range. Even slight deviations can denature them and reduce their activity. Both acidosis and alkalosis denature the enzymes, hormones and proteins which drive energy production and transport. So, both Alkaline Water and Hydrogen Water should be used in moderation according to the person’s constitution. 

·         The pH of a cell depends upon its function.  The fluid inside a cell is near neutral (7.2 to 7.4)

·         The cell contains many organs, which perform different functions at different pH. Some have a high acidic interior – lysosomes have a pH 4.5 to 5.0 for digestive enzymes to break down waste material, foreign material etc. 

·         Some organs are enclosed by membranes and are called organelles. The mitochondrion which is the powerhouse of the cell has two membranes enclosing the cell.  The pH between these two enclosing membranes is lower than that inside the cell, which means it has more potential hydrogen to power energy production.

·         When there is sufficient oxygen for oxidative respiration, food molecules and glucose are converted by enzymes in the mitochondria into energy (Adenosine triphosphate - ATP), which continuously pumps protons (H+ ions) out of the mitochondrion into its inter-membrane space (IMS).  The higher concentration of H+ ions in the IMS creates a pH gradient - the cell’s internal fluid becomes more alkaline (fluctuating about pH 8.0) and the IMS fluid becomes less alkaline in comparison to about pH 7.3.  Since the pH scale is logarithmic, this difference actually represents a large store of potential hydrogen (pH), like water behind a dam, for driving energy production.

·         The pH gradient makes the H+ ions flow back into the cell through a chain of hydroxyl ions which rotate like turbines to generate ATP.  Enzymes convert the ATP to ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and back to ATP to recycle and increase energy. They produce about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose for immediate use, e.g. for muscle contractions, nerve impulse propagation, hormone secretion, sensation and chemical processes.  As we shall see later, cancer cells rely on fermentation rather than oxidative respiration for their energy.

 

https://biologyinsights.com/what-is-cell-ph-and-why-is-it-important/:

Storage of energy: Excess energy (glucose and ATP) is converted into:

·         Glycogen and stored in the liver for short-term use (in days).  The liver can rapidly break down the glycogen into glucose when needed, especially by the brain.

·         Fat stored in adipose tissue for use during intense exercise, fasting and famine. 

·         Skeletal muscles to support the body’s structure. The body will only breakdown skeletal muscles as a final resort while retaining glucose for the brain.

4.     Causes of Imbalance in pH

There is a tendency to label symptoms as causes or as diseases.  Even the imbalance in pH is often only a symptom of some other cause, e.g. environmental factors, lifestyle etc.

Alkalosis may be caused by a loss of acid or a build-up of bicarbonates and other factors.

·         Rapid shallow breathing (hyperventilation) by asthmatics causes a deficit of carbon dioxide in the blood and alkalosis and it is claimed that the Buteyko method of breathing can help.   

·         Shallow breathing can also cause reverse alkalosis, since the kidneys will excrete acids and retain bicarbonates to counter the build-up of acid. 

·         Diet, esp an inappropriate vegan diet

·         Stress

·         Excessive intake of ionized alkaline water.

·         Some medical conditions and medication can also affect the pH and cause acidosis or alkalosis (read the side effects and/or Google).

·         Supplements: Alkali (sodium, potassium, magnesium) citrate - Wikipedia : for inhibiting the formation of kidney stones. This wiki page reports that “when citrate is metabolized by the liver, it essentially generates bicarbonate, an important buffer. This reduces uric acid supersaturation and prevents uric acid stones and cystine stones”. However, citrates have side-effects and contraindications, esp. with other medication https://www.urology-textbook.com/alkali-citrates.html.

Acidosis can result from a deficit of bicarbonates or from an excess of hydrogen.   Prolonged stress, diseases (diabetes, pneumonia etc.), weather and medication which can alter the pH balance of cell tissue (See https://patient.info/doctor/acid-base-balance). 

There are different types of acidosis caused by different conditions which lead to a shortage of oxygen in extracellular fluid. For example:

·         Habits – YOU have control over these

o    Fasting helps to detoxify the body. It causes the digestion of stored fats, causing an acid tide and the pH may drop to 5 after a couple of days.  Like the alkaline tide, the acid tide can cause kidney, ureter and bladder stones to form from excess uric acid as fats and muscles are broken down.  Perhaps this is why naturopaths prescribe fruit intake and lemon juice during fasting.

o    Dehydration can cause acidosis or alkalosis since the body tries to conserve water its filtering action is impaired.

o    Often acidosis results from a faulty diet - the consumption of too many acid-forming foods, like meat, fat and sugar, or other sources of acid or of food deficient in base minerals.

o    Over-eating or improper mastication of food and the incomplete digestion of carbohydrates - see http://www.herballegacy.com/Acidosis.html.

o    Life style: Chronic stress, poor sleep, smoking, alcohol, EMF exposure. Too sedentary.

o    Negative emotions can affect your pH. Sour disposition. Vicious cycle.

o    Acidosis can also be due to a build-up of lactic acid due to prolonged exercise.  This is one reason why sportsmen take alkalising revitalising drinks to improve their performance.

 

You may or may not be able to control the following Causes.

·         Diseases, aging & Medication

o    Respiratory acidosis can be caused by a deficit of oxygen caused by suffocation or spontaneous arrest during asthma; suppressed respiration by pneumonia, emphysema, morphine, or the inhalation of gases with a lot of carbon dioxide or monoxide.

o    Diabetics - an inability to burn glucose can lead to an acid constitution in diabetics.  This tends to favour fungal infections, which can cause a craving for more sugar. Diabetics with insulin resistance metabolise fats instead of glucose for energy and this can lead to a build-up of keto acids.

o    Elderly people can develop a tendency towards low-grade metabolic acidosis as kidney function declines. A faulty diet can make this worse and cause clinical osteoporosis and loss of muscle bulk thereby compromising the body’s bicarbonate and protein buffers. Acidosis can cause diminished growth hormone secretion and a decline in cognitive function.

o    Diarrhoea and vomiting can cause acidosis through the loss of sodium bicarbonate and other base minerals. 

o    Some medication can also be acidifying Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis - PMC (2015). Please read the leaflets which come with medication.

·         Environment: pollution, allergens, chemicals, heavy metals; pesticides in the environment and food. Pesticides and herbicides can penetrate the skin barrier and also have a systemic effect on vegetables nd fruit.

·         Cancer

Cells continuously regulate themselves by exporting toxins and acids (H+ protons and lactic acid) Extracellular Acidification Rate: Insights in Cell Metabolism - Biology Insights. The resulting acidification of the extracellular fluid has a knock-on effect since it affects cell signalling. There is still controversy over the cause of cancer but research now implicates cellular H+ dynamics with cancer. Low extracellular pH is now regarded as a hallmark of cancer cells. As we noted earlier the pH of blood and extracellular fluid is about 7.4. 

Cell Type

Cell pH (pHi)

Outside cell (pHe)

pH gradient

Normal

7.2

7.4

>> 

Cancer

7.1 – 7.8

6.4 – 7.1

<<
reversed

Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.979154/full

Normal cells convert food molecules into energy through aerobic respiration. In the 1920s, Nobel Prize Winner Otto Warburg hypothesised that glucose fermentation (glycolysis) for energy was the main cause of cancer after noting that the fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells was the ratio of glycolysis to respiration Warburg hypothesis - Wikipedia. This "aerobic glycolysis" is also known as the Warburg effect. Cancer behaves like yeast and ferments food molecules even when there is sufficient oxygen. It is still unclear as to what causes this but it is certain that hypoxia (lack of oxygen) necessitates glycolysis.

The scientific community rejected Warburg’s hypothesis and believed that genetic mutations which damaged the mitochondria were the cause of the Warburg effect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology). Treatment focused on chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy.

More recent research reviewed in The Prime and Integral Cause of Cancer in the Post-Warburg Era - PMC (2023) accepts that extracellular acidity caused by hydrogen (H+ dynamics) and the reversal of the normal pH gradient could be both a symptom and a possible cause of cancer and of other neurodegenerative diseases. They reviewed research which seek to unite traditional and orthodox oncology with non-orthodox and less traumatic approaches, including:

·         Repurposing of drugs

·         Reduction of intracellular pH with Melatonin and fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE). The latter seems to inhibit metastatic tumor dissemination during and after chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation in cancer patients. … Indeed, FWGE is becoming a promising agent in modern anticancer therapeutics, since it has been shown to restore mitochondrial function, suppress the Warburg effect and inhibit in vivo tumor growth.

This paper also refers to the role of H+ dynamics in:

·         bacterial and viral infections, e.g. the characteristic hypoxia (deficiency of oxygen) in COVID 19 infections; this has been suggested for a long time.  This could explain why Chlorine Dioxide was used successfully by COMUSAV as a prophylactic (for preventing the spread) and cure of COVID-19 in South America (see my letter dated 25 Mar 2021 to Mr Jeremy Hunt) during the pandemic. Many US physicians also testified that antimalarial drugs like Ivermectin had similar benefits – it also oxygenates body fluids.

·         Neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimers

·         Compromising the immune function

In conclusion, the authors claimed that selective intracellular alkalization of cells in all tumors … is the prime and ultimate cause of cancer. They did not consider other alternative remedies for correcting the decrease in extracellular pH. 

But, there have been other recent investigations into alkalising the extracellular environment Frontiers | Tumor acidity: From hallmark of cancer to target of treatment (2022). The bicarbonate buffer, which is extremely important in regulating the acid-base balance in the body, is described below.  Included in the list of possible treatments here Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/979154/xml-images/fonc-12-979154-g001.webp) is buffer neutralisation with oral bicarbonate therapy, which is listed in the Section on Home Remedies below.

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5.    Some symptoms

Equifinality: Symptoms (outcomes) could be caused by other unrelated causes.  So, complementary therapists do a profile of a person (eg in homeopathy, TCM, Ayurveda etc.) to establish related symptoms and underlying causes.  So, the following symptoms MAY only indicate a pH imbalance.  Even so, the remedies we will look at later are not harmful and worth trying. 

Of alkalosis, which is less common but more difficult to cure: 

·         Light headedness, agitation, dizziness, tingling and twitchy movements.

·         Urinary tract infections (UTI) can be caused by bacteria thriving in acidic or alkaline urine.  In the latter case, friends have found vitamin C or juice made with fresh or dried cranberries (acidic substances) helpful.  Ask the pharmacist.  

·         However, UTI can also be caused by catheter use and cross-infection from faecal matter especially in people wearing pads – you should seek medical help since Klebsiella and other urea-splitting organisms can increase the alkalinity of the urine and cause kidney stones.  Alkaline Urine: A Sign Of Infection And Its Mystery | MedShun

Of acidity: Dr Robert Young has for long pointed out that many diseases and clinical markers are just symptoms – they are not the diseases – it is the unbalanced pH which is in part the trigger.  He points the finger at modern cultural habits Can the Chemistry (pH) of the Blood and Interstitial Fluids of the Interstitium be Altered? - Alkaline Diet | United States | Dr. Robert Young The environment and lifestyle are the main predisposing factors of modern chronic diseases. Dr Satish Pathak said the same when he urged his patients to practise yoga and avoid cardiac surgery.

·         Diabetes.  The hormone insulin is most effective at transporting glucose into cells at a pH of 7.4, which is the pH of blood and extracellular fluids. https://gna.it.com/what-ph-is-insulin#what-ph-is-insulin.  This 2015 review noted that “the pH of body (interstitial) fluids is lower in diabetes mellitus than that in non-diabetic control, and that the lowered pH is one of the causes producing insulin resistance” Roles of interstitial fluid pH in diabetes mellitus: Glycolysis and mitochondrial function - PMC.

This effectively means that an acidic environment impairs insulin’s ability to bind to the cell receptors for the uptake, metabolism and/or storage of glucose in the cells in the liver, the adipose tissue and muscles.  So, there is too much glucose in the blood which leads to increased production of insulin by the pancreas.  If this continues it can damage blood vessels resulting in myocardial infarction, stroke, blindness, renal dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy.  This paper also states that diabetics are more at risk of dementia and Alzheimers.

·         Premature aging; immune deficiency; hormone-related problems; joint pain and osteoporosis (and spontaneous fractures).

·         Obesity; bladder/kidney problems (including uric acid stones and gout); yeast/fungal problems. Dissolving Uric Acid Stones using Sodium Bicarbonate.  This recommends a lot more sodium bicarbonate in a day than needed to maintain normal pH (see below).

·         Acid reflux, chronic fatigue, disorientation, sleepiness, gasping for breath, abdominal pain.  

·         Tendency towards some types of inflammatory ‘itis’ diseases, e.g. cystitis, bronchitis, arthritis, gastritis and IBD, IBS, ulcers etc and UTI caused by acid-loving bacteria & fungi.

·         Cancer – The scientific community now acknowledge that Nobel Prize Winner Otto Warburg was almost right that the fermentation of glucose for its energy was associated with cancer.  The Prime and Integral Cause of Cancer in the Post-Warburg Era - PMC states that Extracellular acidity caused by hydrogen (H+ dynamics) and the reversal of the normal pH gradient is both a symptom and possible cause of cancer and other neurodegenerative diseases.

NOTE: 
The body has enough resources to protect or buffer temporary variations in pH.  However, when its resources are in constant demand, due to faulty feeding, some organic malfunction, or medication (including diuretics) it cannot perform the buffering function.    We will look later at the bicarbonate buffer, which is extremely important in regulating the acid-base balance in the body.

So if your urine pH is well outside the range expected, you should always consult your doctor - and should not attempt to correct the problem yourself.  But, there are different ways in which you can correct minor variations in pH and keep yourself healthy.

6.    Regulation of pH:

Even daily activities like exercise, breathing, and digestion of food can alter the pH balance which is normalised by the compensating actions of the lungs and kidneys.  Weather, medication and stress can also affect the pH.  Deep breathing has an alkalising effect while shallow rapid breathing causes respiratory acidosis. The kidneys can excrete acidic and alkaline urine to normalise the pH.  According to Dr Khalid, The buffer systems can act within a fraction of a second to prevent excessive changes in hydrogen ion concentration. On the other hand, it takes 1 to 12 minutes for the respiratory system to make acute adjustments and another day or so to make still additional chronic adjustments. Finally, the kidneys, although providing the most powerful of all the acid-base regulatory systems, require many hours to several days to readjust the hydrogen ion concentration. https://www.homeobook.com/regulation-of-acid-base-balance/

a.      The Bicarbonate Buffer is explained here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_S5wZks9v8
This is the primary buffer. The body has quite a large store of bicarbonates which can neutralise acid. Bicarbonate can be rapidly reverted to carbon dioxide which can be breathed out.  This reversibility of bicarbonates makes it an excellent buffer, keeping the blood pH within the normal range.  When the bicarbonate store is used up, the body raids the secondary buffers - the bones (for base minerals) and muscles (for nitrogen).

b.      Mineral buffers from bone - Just as fat stores excess energy for use during a famine or fast, the body stores vital mineral reserves in the bone.  Acidic conditions lead to a de-mineralisation of the bone and the use of potassium, magnesium and calcium ions to neutralise the excess hydrogen.  The excess unused mineral ions are then excreted through the urine.  Such demineralisation of the bones for acid pH buffering causes osteoporosis. 

c.      Protein buffer from muscles - this is because amino acids in protein make good buffers.  Unfortunately, if the body is acidic, muscle tissue is broken down and converted by the kidneys into ammonia by the addition of excess hydrogen which is excreted with urine.

The skin - my observation: The body also seems to get rid of excess acid through the skin, which can become sticky in its creases, itchy and sweaty.  In 2017/18, corticosteroids used in eye surgery caused rashes in the upper body and severe oedema in the lower body excreting grit through pimples.  Soon after there was a heart arrest needing a pacemaker followed by diagnosis of osteoporosis and spontaneous fragility fractures.  I reported this to MHRA.  I recently found that this was reported in 2009 Spontaneous fracture: multiple causes - PubMed.

Although the skin is not a buffer in that it does not store reserves, it is permeable and was traditionally used to apply medicated oils in massage and in baths.  Ayurveda still uses medicated oils in
Abhyanga. in the West, weekly Epsom Salt baths enabled the body to take up magnesium and ease the strained muscles of the working class – they also detoxified the body by alkalisation; again as with all treatments check the benefits and contraindications; talk to your doctor if unsure.

7.    The body’s batteries

·       Muscles – store and generate electrons and nutrients which can rapidly be oxygenated, e.g. nitrites to Nitric Oxide.  This is why the elderly need to maintain their muscle mass through nutrition and exercise.

·       Mitochondria are cells which produce energy when stimulated, eg by exercise, sunlight, red light etc. Their functions can be impaired by EMF pollution, faulty feeding, lack of exercise etc.

·       Cell membranes – also store electrons

·      DNA is powered by its own generation of quantum or scalar energy

8.    Germ vs terrain theory: our bodies seem to be more prone to acidity.  Research has shown that most non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases (those ending with ‘itis’) are associated with a low extracellular pH.  These seem to become more prevalent with age since our kidney function tends to decline.

                 i.    General wellbeing and energy levels can be improved by correcting an acidic constitution. Many bacterial, viral and fungal infections thrive in an acidic environment and can increase the acidity further causing a vicious cycle.  For example, COVID-19 induced non-respiratory hypoxia – a shortage of oxygen causing clotting of the blood which was unrelated to breathing. During the 1918 flu pandemic, those who took bicarbonate of soda did not get infected and those who had been infected were treated with bicarbonate of soda - See Bsoda.pdf.

                ii.    There has been a long standing debate over the cause of disease. Western medicine focuses on pathogens with its germ theory and on genetic dispositions. Eastern medicine and natural medicine believe that it is our own constitution that is more important in what they call the ‘terrain theory’. What is the difference between Germ Theory and Terrain Theory?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfWb9tRAoRA&t=9s.  The germ theory focuses on killing infecting germs.  The terrain theory believes in maintaining our resistance to infections.  Maintaining the pH balance focuses on making the host inhospitable to most germs. But, please consult your GP if symptoms persist since both theories seem to be correct.
 

9.    Home Remedies for Transient Acidity - you should seek medical attention if you are unsure or if you are having recurrent or chronic UTI or cystitis.

The NHS primary care system has become dysfunctional and not fit for purpose.  People have died while waiting for appointments.  Then, GPs have only 10 mins per NHS patient.  Hospital consultants also tend to have a reductionist approach focused on their own specialism.  All clinicians have to follow set NHS protocols and many do not know of current research findings. It is well known that the NHS, founded in 1948, has not adapted to the changes which have taken place.  Most modern diseases, like arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental health etc., are rooted in emotions and disrupted metabolism.  These are amenable to self-healing, esp. within healing groups.  Now, the NHS is promoting self-help groups for these conditions which they can only ‘manage’ rather than cure, except through joint and organ replacements.

Remember that the body is regenerating parts of itself continuously, at different rates despite us not noticing any change.  The epithelium of the skin renews itself every 2 to 4 weeks; the gut lining of the small intestine is replaced every 3 to 5 days.  Yet, conditions such as IBS and duodenal ulcers seem to persist.  Even bone is remodelled and muscles wax and wane since the body uses them for storage. Red blood cells are renewed every 120 days.  The liver can regenerate and regrow itself quite rapidly but alcoholism can cause fibrosis of the liver – and smoking can burn and cause scar tissue in the lungs.

According to: https://portal.apex31.com/blogs/Understanding-Cell-Voltage-The-Key-to-Cellular-Health, most chronic diseases occur when the body is no longer able to produce new functional cells.  But, it is possible to self-heal through detoxification, consuming nutrient-rich food (see Section 9) and by increasing the body’s pH temporarily to even 8 (-59 mV).  But, I only use quick acting remedies to get back into balance and then rely on maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

We will look at the following therapies in more detail elsewhere.
As stated in the Disclaimer, we are all different and some therapies may be better for you than others.

a.    Bicarbonate intake (extremely cheap)
NOTE: There are other stronger alkalising agents, such as chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide and weaker ones like Nitric Oxide from food. 

Tullio Simoncini was criminalised and jailed after saving terminally ill patients, when a couple who were already terminally ill died.  Similar unsuccessful criminal proceedings were launched against Dr Robert Young.  He noted that while the body was slightly alkaline, most bodily functions cause acidify in the body. Simoncini deemed some types of cancer to be Candida Albicans because they derive their energy through a fermentation process, which was known almost 100 years ago.  Some researchers are now reporting that intravenous bicarbonate of soda to the cancer site (proprietary modification of what Simoncini practised) has benefits and that it merits further research – see https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1748013224003190 (2024).  There have been other studies which has investigated the benefits of oral alkalisation with bicarbonate and diet to increase extracellular pH Frontiers | Clinical review of alkalization therapy in cancer treatment (2022). The easiest and quickest way to replenish a depleted bicarbonate buffer is to take half teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda fully dissolved in half a cup of lukewarm water when the stomach is empty, e.g. when you wake up in the morning. Avoid taking this antacid with meals since it can impair digestion. Bicarbonate of soda can taste a bit soapy.  When I have time, I make this alkalising drink. I repeat: this should be taken on an empty stomach either on waking or at bed time. 

1.     Dissolve a few grains of Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulphate) in a little very hot water with half tsp of sugar (optional).  Epsom Salt is a laxative at a higher dose – so just add a few grains.

2.     When dissolved add some cool water to about a third to half tumbler of water.

3.     Add third to half tsp of bicarbonate of soda. Stir until dissolved. Older generations used to take ˝ to 1 tsp of bicarbonate a day.

4.     Optional: squeeze in a little lime/lemon juice to remove the soapy taste.  This will make the drink fizz as the reaction changes the bicarbonate into carbonate and releases carbon dioxide.  It is better to take the bicarbonate and citrus juice separately to maximise the bicarbonate.

5.     Drink it immediately.

6.     Drink plenty of water. Urination not only removes many of the cellular waste products, it also controls both the amount and the composition of the extracellular fluid in the body. But, you can also overdose on water and flush out essential nutrients.  

My father (who died aged 93) and several others who passed over in their 90s and when over 100 years old used to take bicarbonate of soda either on its own or in alkalising remedies like Epsom Salts, Enos and Andrews Salts.  Please see my link to Edna Boone’s testimony in Bsoda.pdf, which is updated to provide links to recent scientific research findings on the many medicinal benefits of bicarbonate of soda.

It is better to correct the diet before it leads to more serious, often difficult to treat, chronic inflammatory diseases than to rely on antacids. While sodium bicarbonate has many health and other benefits, you should consult your doctor before taking it since it is contraindicated for certain medical conditions like high blood pressure, tendency towards kidney stones, deficiency of calcium or hydrochloric acid, OR if you are taking medications which cause alkalinity. Sodium bicarbonate reduces the absorption of a number of other drugs taken concomitantly (https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/25416). 

2009: Bicarbonate Increases Tumor pH and Inhibits Spontaneous Metastases | Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer Research

2023: 7 Unexpected Benefits of Baking Soda; The Dangers and Benefits of Baking Soda

2024: Review Frontiers | Clinical review of alkalization therapy in cancer treatment

2025: Recent advances of anti-tumor nano-strategies via overturning pH gradient: alkalization and acidification https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12951-025-03134-2#Sec15

b.    Propolis is said to raise extracellular pH and improve insulin sensitivity Roles of interstitial fluid pH in diabetes mellitus: Glycolysis and mitochondrial function - PMC

c.    Remember that deep belly breathing, is alkalising. It is taught by all healing traditions, including Tibetan practices to survive in their hostile environment Tummo Tutorial. The body adapts to the environment and just like astronauts lose bone mass in space but which they regain when they return to earth, the Tibetans believe that we have an inner fire (Tummo) which kept us warm during the Ice Age which we can call on with breathing practices. The Wim Hof Breathing method (one of the Tibetan Tummo breathing methods) is said to acutely increase pH up to 7.8, and apparently urine pH also goes up after a session of WHM breathing. https://www.wimhofmethod.com/breathing-exercises. The comments on this beginners’ video Guided Wim Hof Method Breathing claim that people have broken their anxiety and panic attacks and also addiction to substance misuse and even caffeine after following the Wim Hof methods.  Several people state that it brought them back to life or changed their lives.

However, rapid breathing can make you feel dizzy and can be dangerous to some; because I have a chronic allergic cough due to exposure to DDT sprays in childhood, my head feels funny if I follow the Wim Hof method.  So, I have to pace it.  So, as with any exercise you need to work up to it and not over-do it.  Please read the warnings when practising the Wim Hof method. Even traditional Qigong and Yogic breathing, which are well established and safe, warn that they are contraindicated, e.g. for those with hypertension (high blood pressure) and during pregnancy. They instead offer a range of oxygenating and alkalising breathing practices for different medical conditions.  Cardiac surgeon, Satish Pathak, demonstrated yogic breathing techniques which helped his cardiac patients recover without the planned cardiac surgery.

d.    Walking encourages deep breathing, besides having many other health benefits.

e.    Qigong/Tai Chi exercises combine, rhythmic breathing and movement to ground and promote the flow of earth energy into the body through the Bubbling Spring Kidney 1 acupoint.  This is especially beneficial if practised on grass in sunlight for about 20 minutes. If you cannot cope with the advanced contorting exercises in yoga, there are gentle yoga exercises, which also include synchronised breathing.  People are getting together to hire a room and practice these exercises by following the videos which experts have kindly provided free of charge.  Or, make a date with a couple of friends to practise in one of your houses and have a snack afterwards to strengthen friendship bonds.

 

f.     Purging acids and toxins by promoting:

 

o    fever & sweating: Saunas; Epsom Salt Baths; Dry and wet brushing of the body are some ways of detoxifying the body through the skin.

o    Diarrhoea with purgatives, eg Epsom Salt, castor oil

g.    Humming like a bee Brahmari Pranayama and even chanting Om causes oral and nasal vibration producing alkalising nitric oxide.

h.    Alkaline Water - https://www.verywellhealth.com/alkaline-water-7500901
You can buy alkaline water, or appliances for making alkaline water.  There are risks in over-alkalising the body.  You can make alkaline water at home by using a pinch of bicarbonate of soda in your water, or even slices of lemon/lime or other vegetables.  While natural alkaline water is regarded as beneficial (eg from spas, hydros etc.), there are some reservations about machine created alkaline water
The Dangers and Benefits of Alkaline Water.

i.      An alkalising diet. There are several online resources on this.  One should not rely on excessive use of antacids, like sodium bicarbonate, to buffer an unhealthy diet, since there are contraindications for some people. There has been increased interest in the human microbiome; i.e. the good and bad bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites living in various parts of body the composition of which depends on the local pH ranges. The Vagus Nerve is the main highway between the gut and brain; the microbiome sends more neurotransmitters to the brain than vice versa.  Qigong refers to the bowel area as the second brain - the region where energy is stored and distributed. Hence, there is great emphasis on belly breathing techniques and on diet.  But, as in Ayurveda and TCM the diet has to be tailored to the person’s age and constitution, the season and so on.  So, the alkalising diet has to be adapted according to one’s constitutional type, weather and season.

j.     Low-level LED red and infra-red light therapy is also alkalising and is becoming very popular for a range of medical problems. It is now recognised that mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to many eye diseases, including retinopathy Mitochondrial disorders and the eye - ScienceDirect.  I believe that 850 nm near infrared light therapy cleared my non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in less than 4 weeks. Sitting or working in the sun for 20 mins should help to alkalise and recharge your batteries - Boost Mitochondria with Sunlight & Infrared light | Glen Jeffery. The Chinese and Indians have long known about colour therapy and of the invigorating effects of red light - it is now accepted that infra-red light is anti-inflammatory and healing. 

k.    Grounding/earthing also raises the pH.  Walking barefoot or sitting on grass and gardening are free.  There are earthing devices for sale.  There was a special issue on the benefits of grounding in Biomed J. See editorial: Is a return to nature a piece of the health puzzle? - PMC  Many of the benefits attributed to grounding are also attributed to other free therapies, like red/infrared light and nitric oxide from the sun. Swimming and standing in a pool of water is also grounding. See Practical applications of grounding to support health. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10105020/. Some people are very sensitive to the effect of environmental electromagnetic frequencies on the body and grounding mats etc. can discharge such harmful frequencies of energy. However, my nephew a retired electrical engineer, warned of electrical shocks since not all houses may be properly earthed if the external grounding rod is damaged or has deteriorated.

l.      Magnet therapy – the north negative pole is alkalising; this will be documented separately.

m.  Whole body vibrational therapy (WBVT) devices also promote the flow of energy through the body.  Many gyms have WBVT platforms but just bouncing up and down or running on the spot for a few minutes several times a day can recharge your batteries. The Royal Osteoporosis Society lists some contraindications, including pacemaker, thrombosis, pregnancy dizziness and inner ear problems, osteoporosis and joint replacements.  Low intensity vibrations (LIV) are designed to avoid these contraindications.  Their advice is to discuss any exercise therapy with your doctor vibration-therapy-fact-sheet-august-2017.pdf.

n.    Energy Healing – like Shaktipat, Reiki, Spiritual or Pranic Healing.  Here a practitioner or a person can draw and channel unconditional loving energy of the universe to energise and heal.  Some members of our group (https://rani.svabhinava.org/PROJECTS/SHC/SHC.pdf)practise Spiritual Healing and Reiki. 

o.    Some alkalising home remedies for treating urinary tract infections can be found on the internet https://nursestutorial.blogspot.com/2016/07/10-home-remedies-for-uti.html.  WARNING: some herbs (e.g. ginger and turmeric) and bicarbonate of soda should not be used in medicinal dosages if you have high blood pressure, itchiness etc. Here is a recent review of the anti-cancer effects of herbs https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12147394/#Sec1

p.    Quebra Pedra means ‘Stone breaker’ this traditional herb is said to support liver and kidney health and normalise the pH Quebra pedra: Extensive Health Benefits, Rich Ingridients, Medicinal Properties, and Wellness Applications - VitaLibrary

 

10. Alkalising diet

NOTE 1: Please be aware that vegetables and fruit are exposed to herbicides, pesticides and fungicides during their growth and post-harvest preparation for transport. It is possible to remove some of the pesticide residues at home – their effectiveness varies with the pesticide. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43088-022-00324-x/tables/3. However, modern agriculture uses a cocktail of these agents, many of which are believed to be nerve agents and carcinogenic.  I make marmalade with whole citrus fruit since TCM and Ayurveda believe that they have numerous health benefits.  But, even unwaxed lemons contain Pyrimethanil.  In animal studies, it has been found to target the gonads, liver, kidney, thyroid, heart, adrenal, spleen and thymus https://naturalpedia.com/pyrimethanil-toxicity-side-effects-diseases-and-environmental-impacts.html. This fungicide is used on all sorts of fruit and vegetables – even root crops. I have normally soaked the fruit for a few hours in a bicarbonate of soda solution.  While this and even just cold running water can reduce the pesticide adhering to the skin, I did not realise that bicarbonate of soda, while being more effective than just water, was not as effective as rice water and rice vinegar which removed over 70% of the residue from lettuce.  Even bicarbonate of soda can remove more than 90% of residue from apples.  But, unfortunately we cannot avoid them altogether (unless you grow your own and preserve them) since the plants take up the chemicals which also occur inside the fruit. I used to get UTI if I ate citrus or had bought juices.  I stopped the latter and have not had problems since I started washing the fruit.  So, UTI like many other so-called diseases – can just be a symptom of dis-ease caused by chemicals.

NOTE 2: The pH of the food is not the same as its effect on the pH of body fluids after digestion.  For example, lemons and cider vinegar, which are used as natural remedies, taste very acidic.  But, the body mops up the acids and excretes the excess, leaving minerals (ions of calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphates) which make the body alkaline – see Table 1 which list the nutritional profile of the different citrus fruit Citrus: An Overview of Food Uses and Health Benefits | IntechOpen. Preclinical trials suggest that citrus peel enhances cognitive function – A Narrative Review of the Effects of Citrus Peels and Extracts on Human Brain Health and Metabolism - PMC). 

Much of the citric acid used in convenience food and drinks are synthetically derived from corn syrup using black mould found on some fruits and vegetables (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid). 
Here is a good explanation of the difference between synthetic and natural Vitamin C The Best and Worst Vitamin C. Some people, like me, are intolerant of synthetic citric acid (See http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/citric-acid-intolerance-13807.html). Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), B vitamins and other supplements can also be synthetically derived.

There are many different alkaline food charts posted online, which give some conflicting classifications of the acid-base residue of food items. I do not know whether this page is reliable but it seems to match our experience of some common fruit and vegetables.  https://acidalkalinediet.net/acid-alkaline-food-chart.php. The advice is that one should consume 70-80% alkaline and only at most 20-30% acidic food.  Dr. Berg's Healthy Keto® Diet Plan - Intermittent Fasting and Fat Burning
In my experience the body can deal with a moderate amount of most food, unless you have an allergy.

Vegetable broths with onions, carrots, celery, ginger, garlic, chilli and parsley and other vegetables and herbs are alkalising and mineralising.  You could include bones and some cider vinegar or citrus (lemon/lime) if you wish to increase the mineral content.  An English friend who died when she was 103 told me that large families like theirs had a lot of cheap bone broth with vegetables from their allotment and the Chinese are fond of sweet and sour pork ribs. So-called potassium broths, include seaweed, like kombu.  Only the sick need daily doses of these potassium rich broths - too much potassium can upset the electrolyte balance of the body.   

Many of these items are expensive - but they are cheaper than prescription and over-the-counter medicines.  Our ancestors did not indulge in super-foods and such expensive items need not be a part of routine diet.  Try to source local produce, including weeds, flowers and fruit from the countryside.  But, you need to be aware of poisonous plants as well – see for example : Foraging For Beginners. Episode 1. Garden 'Weeds'. Nettles and dandelions, for example, are rich in nutrients – just search online for Wild Food. Our ancestors did not live in centrally heated houses nor have all the mod-cons we have.  They laboured hard and walked miles to school, work etc.  They needed more protein and fat, and in general more food, than we do.  Unfortunately, indulgent eating and drinking has become an unhealthy social habit.  Enjoy it if your body can cope - but if starts to struggle, you can probably recover if you promptly modify your diet.  Intermittent fasting formed a part of many religious practices and has helped many people recover from constitutional diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes. 

Acid-forming foods. People who consume a lot of meat, fish and shellfish, dairy, cereals, white flour products and refined sugar (especially artificial sweeteners and canned drinks) etc. tend towards acidity. You can have too much of a good thing. Traditionally, such food were eaten with digestives, e.g. horseradish sauce with beef; apple sauce with pork; mint sauce with lamb; cranberry sauce for turkey, sauerkraut, kimchi etc.  The easterners used garlic, ginger, turmeric, and other curry spices for their nutrients and as digestives to counteract the toxins in acid-forming food. 

Peppermint and parsley are often recommended for acidity. Peppermint is antispasmodic and peppermint sweets and creams are often sucked after meals.  But, be aware that peppermint antidotes homeopathic medicines and sweets can cause dental decay. It is very easy to grow luscious parsley, especially the flat leaf variety, coriander etc. in deep pots or even in 4-litre or larger plastic milk bottles with vegetable scraps mixed into the soil if you do not make compost.  There are many youtube videos to motivate you.

You need to monitor how your own urine pH - i.e. how your body - responds to what you eat.  Also, be aware that people like me, whose immune system has been compromised by DDT and medication, are intolerant of some food.  Some people use the Coca Test (or Pulse test) to identify potential allergens that can also upset the body's biochemistry. Also, there are too many additives in food now. My husband and I found that our bloating and flatulence and general physical and mental discomfort vanished when we stopped using margarines and switched to butter and plant oils. Kinesiology can assess sensitivities through muscle testing.  I use a pendulum to assess whether the item is beneficial or harmful to me through a muscular response from the body itself.  During a private consultation, an NHS doctor found that I was allergic to beet but not cane sugar; he suggested that this could be due to differences in their processing. So, as I stated in the Disclaimer, each person has to take responsibility for their own decisions. One man’s food is another man’s poison.

We are also told other generalisations – e.g. about the Mediterranean diet.  There is a difference between eating in the Mediterranean and copying their cuisine in UK. Their food is grown in nutrient rich volcanic soils and soils derived from rocks rich in calcium, magnesium and bicarbonates.  The tomatoes and other vegetables grown in UK greenhouses do not have the same nutritional value.

Some case notes on acidity

·   Gastritis - This was brought on by bitterly cold and windy weather in Nov/Dec 2011 when we had the Beast from the East.  Homeopathic remedies (Nat Phos 30c) eased the pain - but they did not completely cure my gastritis.  The home treatment for chest and head congestion led to slow but steady improvement in acid-base balance.  I suspect that it was mainly due to the Alkalising Drink, although I stopped having it.  Other remedies which will be disclosed elsewhere helped me heal after declining proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazole) which I was told I had to take for the rest of my life! In 2020, we restarted taking the Alkalising Drink on alternate days as a potential protection against COVID-19, which we did not catch.

·   Pleurisy and bronchitis - Initially brought on by stress and exposure to chemical sprays in recycled air in the confined space of air cabins during a long-haul flight.  This was probably compounded by cross- infection.  I recovered with similar home remedies, esp the alkalising drink.

·   Unknown cause of abdominal pain - A very thin lady had severe abdominal pain from Feb 2013 to November 2013.  She had numerous blood and urine tests and various types of scans - all negative.  During this time she had lost a stone in weight, which suggested loss of bone mass.  The colonoscopy in November 2013 also showed a healthy colon.  I suggested that the problem might be due to acidosis outside her tolerance range, which could cause inflammations and spasms, besides encouraging Candida Albicans.  There is a detailed article on Systemic Candida at : https://janus.net.pl/en/2018/01/22/candida-fungi/. Similar information was covered in a book by Leon Chaitow, first published in 1987, which led me to try Acidophilus with success in 1988 and which led to rejecting antibiotics and other unnecessary medication and researching Complementary Therapies instead.  You can control parasitic Candida, which can destroy mucosa and cause inflammations - but be aware that Candida die-off can be nasty since it releases toxins into the blood stream.  So, you may have to pace your treatment.  There are many online resources on Candida die-off.

The lady tried Ginger Tea and the Alkalising Drink mentioned above. After just 4 days of home treatment, her urine pH which had been well out of range, normalised and she was pain free and started to put on weight.  Six weeks later, she was still pain free, had put on 10 pounds and said her energy levels were rising.  She felt that there was nothing wrong with her although she had occasional pain, which was manageable.  Her urine pH had normalised and she cut back on the home remedies to twice a week.  Since she was very thin to begin with, the loss of weight could have been due to bone loss.

Blepharitis The alkalising drink had another unexpected beneficial effect in her case.  She had been seeing hospital consultants about her dry and inflamed eyes for several years and had been wearing wrap round glasses to create a more humid environment and keep dust off her eyes and used eye drops as prescribed.  This developed into blepharitis, which was managed with castor oil, since my husband cleared his blepharitis in 2001 with this home remedy.  When I visited her on the 22 December 2013, she showed me her eyes - there was no swelling or redness and they were not bothering her as much.  Since blepharitis could be due to systemic fungal infection, this again suggested that correcting the extracellular pH had created a hostile environment for the fungus which was naturally dying off.  So, this shows that when the body's pH is outside the normal range (in her case mainly due to stress), it can cause very unpleasant, even if not life threatening, symptoms, e.g. even fungal pneumonia.  She now cleans her eyes with the alkalising formula.  Please note that the consultant we saw when my husband had blepharitis did suggest bicarbonate of soda for an eye wash - but this topical treatment did not help – but cold pressed castor oil (an antifungal) did this very rapidly.  His blepharitis was due to local injury caused by eye surgery. So, castor oil was enough – but if the blepharitis keeps coming back, oral bicarbonate of soda MAY help.

·   Fatigue and symptoms of fungal infections - someone I knew had ME for decades and had never felt well since.  She had reflux and fungal infections from time to time.  She had a need to have a nap in the afternoons and generally felt tired.  Over the years she had tried homeopathy, acupuncture and other therapies when prescription medicines had not helped her recover her energy levels.  She did not test the urine pH but had the alkalising drink as well as some Biochemic tissue salts and felt that her energy levels were up.  Although she still felt tired, she could go out every day and enjoy herself without a need for naps.  After 6 months, this lady reported that she is going through a good spell and had increased the number of hours she works for a charity. Having noticed the change in her, her friend was going to try the remedy.

·   Diabetic with no energy - A diabetic friend had Candida explosion in Nov 2013 after he had antibiotics in Malta for a viral infection he picked up there. He started taking the Alkalising Drink in January when he felt that his energy level had become really low.  He was then misdiagnosed and treated for cancer - but felt that the alkalising drink had helped him regain his normal energy level.  The so-called cancer (which was actually Candida Albicans) disappeared when he applied Castor Oil topically but kept coming back.  He has systemic Candida due to his diabetes, which is difficult to control. Candida can cause sugar addiction.

·   Duodenal ulcer – a lady was diagnosed with this condition had blood in the stool.  Her problem was rapidly corrected by drinking the alkalising drink and consuming coconut oil to coat the mucosa.  She developed a liking for the latter which she continues to have on toast instead of butter. This is because Intestinal pH: a major driver of human gut microbiota composition and metabolism | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 

o    The pH varies between people due to diet, microbial and external factors.

o    The pH also changes along the gastrointestinal tract See digestive track frmbi-02-1192316-g001.jpg (2365×1304) in Frontiers | Intestinal and fecal pH in human health. Patients with ulcerative colitis seem to have substantially lower pH in the right colon.

o    The pH affects: the microbiotic composition, gene expression  and metabolism; the microbes in turn act like back seat drivers, causing food cravings and addiction.

·   A friend in remission from prostate cancer did not want hormone treatment when his PSA count steadily rose to 10 in 2022.  He followed Vernon Johnson’s bicarbonate of soda protocol and his PSA count steadily dropped to 5.1 by June 2023.  He has not had to have treatment but is being monitored as of Feb 2026. See See Bsoda.pdf for details and other case studies, including research showing that bicarbonate of soda prevents metastasis of hormone-linked cancers. 

 

© Mahes Visvalingam 17 Jun 2006
 Last revised on
02/03/2026